Candesartan Cilexetil: A Review of Spectroscopic and Chromatographic
Method
Sudhanshu I
Chauhan1, 2*, Pankaj D. Savani1,
Hasumati Raj1, Sagar
Patel1
1Department of Quality Assurance, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat,
Gujarat, India.
2Research Scholar 2015, Gujarat Technological
University, Gujarat, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: sudhanshuchauhan32@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Candesartan Cilexetil is classified as
an AT1 Angiotensin II receptor antagonist as a Antihypertensive agent. There
are widely used in treatment of diseases like hypertension, heart failure,
myocardial infarction and diabetic nephropathy. The clinical and pharmaceutical
analysis of this drug requires effective analytical procedures for quality
control and Pharmcodynamic and pharmacokinetic
studies as well as stability study. There are many article examines published
analytical methods reported so far in the literature for the determination of Candesartan Cilexetil in
biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. These article comprise
reviews of analytical methods like Spectrophotometric methods, Chromatographic
method including HPLC, HPTLC.
KEYWORDS:
Candesartan Cilexetil,
Spectrophotometry, HPLC, Anti-hypertensive Agent, AT1 Angiotensin II receptor
antagonist.
INTRODUCTION:
Candesartan Cilexetil
is the prodrug of candesartan,
an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Candesartan
binds selectively and non-competitively to the angiotensin II receptor type 1,
thus preventing the actions of angiotensin II.[1]
Figure 1: Structure of Candesartan Cilexetil
Table 1: Structural
identification of Candesartan Cilexetil[2]
|
S. No. |
Class |
Identification |
|
1 |
Kingdom |
Organic compound |
|
2 |
Super class |
Organoheterocyclic Compound |
|
3 |
Class |
Azoles |
|
4 |
Subclass |
Tetrazole derivative |
|
5 |
Direct parent |
Biphenyltetrazoles and Derivatives |
|
6 |
Alternative parent |
Biphenyls and
Derivatives; Benzimidazoles; N-substituted imidazoles |
|
7 |
Molecular framework |
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound |
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Candesartan Cilexetil
is an prodrug that is rapidly converted to candesartan, its active metabolite, during absorption from
the gastrointestinal tract. Candesartan binds
selectively and non-competitively to the angiotensin II receptor type 1, thus
preventing the actions of angiotensin II. In the Renin-Angiotensin
system, Angiotensin I is converted by Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to
form Angiotensin II.
Table 2: Drug Profile[1-3]
|
S. No. |
PARAMETERS |
DESCRIPTION |
|
1 |
Category |
Antihypertensive
agent |
|
2 |
Chemical
formula |
C33H34N6O6 |
|
3 |
IUPAC Name |
(±)-1-Hydroxyethyl
2-ethoxy-1-[p-(o-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl)benzyl]-7-benzimidazolecarboxylate, cyclohexyl carbonate (ester). |
|
4 |
Molecular
Weight |
610.66
gm/mol |
|
5 |
Characteristic |
White
Crystalline Powder |
|
6 |
Solubility |
Highly Soluble
in dimethyl sulfoxide or
1N Sodium carbonate solution Methanol, Ethanol, Acetonitrile |
Figure 2: Mechanism of action Candesartan Cilexetil
Angiotensin II stimulates
the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete Aldosterone, which decreases the
excretion of sodium and increases the excretion of potassium. Angiotensin II
also acts as a vasoconstrictor in vascular smooth muscle. Candesartan,
by blocking the binding of Angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor, promotes Vasodilation and decreases the effects of Aldosterone. The
negative feedback regulation of Angiotensin II on Renin
secretion is also inhibited, but the resulting rise in plasma Renin concentrations and consequent rise in Angiotensin II
plasma concentrations do not counteract the blood pressure–lowering effect that
occurs.[4]
Combination of candesartan cilexetil:
1.
Candesartan Cilexetil+
Hydrochlorthiazide
2.
Candesartan Cilexetil
+ Nifedipine
3.
Candesartan Cilexetil
+ AmlodipinBesylate
4.
Candesartan Cilexetil
+ Cetrizine Hydrochloride
Marketed formulation of candesartan cilexetil:[5]
Candesartan Cilexetil
formulation:
·
Blopress, Atacand,
Amias, and Ratacand.
·
Candelong, Candesar
Candesartan Cilexetil
combination formulation
• Atacand
HCT, Hytacand, Blopress
Plus, Advantec and Ratacand
Plus.
Pharmacokinetics:
Table 3: Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Candesartan Cilexetil[2]
|
PARAMETERS |
DESCRIPTION |
|
Absorption |
Orally absorbed |
|
Metabolism |
Minor Hepatic metabolism by
O- deethylation to an inactive metabolite |
|
Excretion |
Renal and Bile |
Analytical method:
Compendial method:
Candesartan Cilexetil
is official in Japanese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia and United State
Pharmacopoeia.
Reported method:
1.
Spectroscopic
method:
Spectrophotometric method is versatile and economical
particularly for developing countries. Spectrophotometric method has several
advantages such as being easy, less expensive and less time consuming compared
with most of the other methods. A simple, precise and economical
Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Candesartan
Cilexetil in pharmaceutical bulk and tablet dosage
form was developed and validated. Various methods like Q-absorption ratio,
Simultaneous equation and Derivative methods are used for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil alone or in
combination with other drugs in marketed formulation and Synthetic mixture.
Below in table describes the various Spectroscopic methods with the method
description and condition which are reported on review literature.
Table 4:Compendial method for Candesartan Cilexetil
|
Compen-dia |
Me-thod |
Column |
Mobile phase |
Detection wavelength |
Flow rate (ml/min) |
|
JP[6] |
HPLC |
A
stainless steel (15cm x
4mm, 4µm) |
MP A: Acetonitrile: water: acetic acid (57:43:1) MP B: Acetonitrile: water: acetic acid (90:10:1) |
Between 252 -
256 and 302 – 307 |
0.8 |
|
USP[3] |
LC |
(15cm x
3.9mm ; 4μm)
packing L1 |
Diluent: Acetonitrile and water (3:2) Solution
A: Acetonitrile, glacial acetic acid, and water
(57:1:43) Solution
B: Acetonitrile, glacial acetic acid, and water
(90:1:10) |
254 nm |
0.8 |
Table 5: Summary of
UV-Spectroscopic method for Candesartan Cilexetil.
|
Title |
Method |
Solvent |
λmax
(nm) |
Ref. |
|
Development
and validation of a stability-indicating UV spectroscopic method for Candesartan Cilexetil in bulk
and formulations. |
Stability
Indicating UV-Spectroscopy |
Methanol: water (9:1) |
254 |
7 |
|
Stress degradation
studies on Candesartan bulk drug and development of
validated method by UV spectrophotometry in
marketed tablet. |
Stress
degradation UV-Spectroscopy |
Methanol |
253 |
8 |
|
Spectrophotometric
determination of Candesartan Cilexetil
in presence of its alkaline induced degradation product |
Simple stability-indicating
second derivative spectrophotometric assay |
Methanol |
291.2 |
9 |
|
Quantitative
estimation of Candesartan by UV spectrophotometry |
Simple UV-
Spectroscopy |
Methanol |
212 |
10 |
2.
Chromatographic methods:
The high-pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC) for residue determination and simultaneous estimation of
single and combination drug and also used in impurity profiling. HPTLC method
is widely used chromatographic methods in the analysis of Candesartan
Cilexetil in plasma and pharmaceutical dosage form.
RP-HPLC method also developed for determination of concentration of Candesartan Cilexetilin human
serum and also for simultaneous determination in synthetic mixture, combination
dosage form like hydrochlorothiazide, Nifedipine, AmlodipinBesylate, Cetrizine
Hydrochloride.
Table 6: Summary of
Chromatographic method for Candesartan Cilexetil.
|
Title |
Method |
Stationary phase |
Mobile phase |
Detection wavelength (nm) |
Flow-rate (ml/min) |
Ref. |
|
Development and
Validation of of RP-HPLC method for estimation of Candesartan from tablet dosage form |
RP-HPLC |
Inertsil ODS-3V C18, ( 250mm × 4.6
mm, 5 µm) |
Buffer (0.5% tri
ethyl amine) and methanol (50:50%v/v) and adjust pH to 4.5 by glacial acetic
acid |
210 |
1.0 |
11 |
|
Analytical
method development and validation for Candesartan Cilexetil as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical dosage forms
by HPLC |
HPLC |
OctaDecyl Silyl column (C18, 250mm x 4.6 mm, 5µm) |
Phosphate buffer pH 2.5 and acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) |
210 |
1.0 |
12 |
|
Method
development and validation of Candesartan Cilexetil by RP-HPLC |
RP-HPLC |
Intersil column (C18, 256mm x 4.6mm id) |
Acetonitrile: methanol (40:60 %v/v, pH 6.0) |
228 |
1.0 |
13 |
|
RP-HPLC method
development and validation of Candesartan Cilexetil in bulk and their pharmaceutical dosage forms |
RP-HPLC |
ODS C18 (250mm x4.6 mm,5µ) |
Acetonitrile: KH2PO4 [0.05M]
(65:35) |
256 |
1.5 |
14 |
|
Development and
validation of a dissolution test with reversed-phase high performance liquid
chromatographic analysis for Candesartan Cilexetil in tablet dosage forms |
RP-HPLC |
Agilent,Zorbax C8 (150mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
Phosphate buffer (pH 2.5): Acetonitrile (15:85 v/v) |
215 |
1.0 |
15 |
|
RP-HPLC analysis
for quantitation of Candesartan
Cilexetil in solid dosage forms |
RP-HPLC |
Intersil ODS-3 C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
0.02M mono basic potassium phosphate
buffer: Acetonitrile: Triethyl
amine (40:60:0.2), pH=6.0 by ortho phosphoric acid |
254 |
2.0 |
16 |
|
RP-HPLC
determination of Candesartan in human plasma with fluorometric detection |
RP-HPLC |
Agilent Zorbax
Eclipse SB-C18 (150mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
Phosphate buffer 0.1% H3PO4
and 0.15% N(C2H5)3-acetonitrile (69:31) |
254 and
380 |
1.0 |
17 |
|
Method
development and validation for the estimation of Candesartan
Cilexetil in bulk and tablet dosage forms by
RP-HPLC |
RP-HPLC |
Hypersill BDS-C8 (150mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
Degus mixture of buffer: acetonitrile(40:60 v/v) |
210 |
1.5 |
18 |
|
A stability
indicating UPLC methods for Candesartan in Bulk
Drug Samples |
UPLC |
Zorbax extended C18 (50mm x 4.6mm,
1.8µm) |
MP A: 0.1% triethyl amine in water pH 2.2 and TFA MP B: 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile and water (95:5) |
210 |
0.4 |
19 |
Table 7:Summary of
Spectroscopic method for Candesartan Cilexetil and its combination
|
Title |
Method |
Wave- length for Candesartan
Cilexetil |
Wave- length for other drug |
Solvent |
Ref |
|
Q-Analysis
spectrophotometric methods for estimation of Candesartan
Cilexetil and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage
form |
Simple
UV-Spectroscopy |
258.14 |
271 |
Methanol |
20 |
|
Simultaneous
estimation of Candesartan Cilexetil
and Hydrochlorthiazide in tablet dosage form by UV
spectrophotometric method |
Simple
UV-Spectroscopy |
251 |
273 |
0.1N NaOH |
21 |
|
Q-Absorbance
ratio spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Candesartan Cilexetil in
Synthetic mixture |
Simple
UV-Spectroscopy |
242 |
255 |
Methanol |
22 |
|
Development
and validation of spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Candesartan Cilexetil in
synthetic mixture by simultaneous equation method |
Simple UV-
Spectroscopy |
255 |
238 |
Methanol |
23 |
|
UV
spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of Candesartan Cilexetil and Levocetrizine hydrochloride |
Simple UV-
Spectroscopy |
255 |
230 |
Methanol |
24 |
|
Development
and validation of UV- spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation
of Nifedipine and Candesartan
Cilexetil in synthetic mixture |
Simple UV-
Spectroscopy |
255 |
235 |
Methanol |
25 |
Table 8: Summary of
Chromatographic method for Candesartan Cilexetil and its combination
|
Title |
Method |
Stationary phase |
Mobile phase |
Detection wavelength (nm) |
Flow rate (ml/min) |
Ref. |
|
Development and
validation of a RP-HPLC method for estimation of hydrochlorthiazide
and Candesartan Cilexetil
in pharmaceutical dosage form |
RP-HPLC |
Zorbax C8 (150mm x 4.6mm, 3.5µm) |
Phosphate buffer: methanol (30:70), pH 3.0 |
230 |
1.0 |
26 |
|
Simultaneous
determination of Candesartan and hydrochlorthiazide in Combined pharmaceutical dosage form
by new RP-HPLC method |
RP-HPLC |
Chromosil C18 (250 mmx
4.6mm) |
MeOH : THF : 0.1%O.P.A (85:05:10 v/v/v) |
272 |
1.0 |
27 |
|
Simultaneous
analysis of Candesartan Cilexetil
and hydrochlorthiazide in human plasma and dosage
forms using HPLC with a Photodiode array detector |
HPLC |
Supelcocil C18 (15cm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
10mM potassium dihydrogen
phosphate : methanol : acetonitrile (2:80:18,
v/v/v) pH 2.5 |
260 |
1.0 |
28 |
|
New stability
indicating method for Quantification of Impurities in Candesartan
Cilexetil and hydrochlorthiazide
tablets by Validated HPLC |
HPLC |
Zorbax SB phenyl (250mm x 4.6mm, 3.5µ) |
MP A:
Buffer: 1000ml deionised water + 1.0 ml methane sulfonic acid MP B: Acetonitrile |
210 |
1.0 |
29 |
|
Single RP-HPLC
method for the quantification of Candesartan and hydrochlorthiazide in Formulations |
RP-HPLC |
C18, (250 x 4.6mm, 5µ) |
Methanol :
acetonitrile : 0.1% Ortho phospharic
acid (35:50:15v/v) |
272 |
1.0 |
30 |
|
Stability
indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Candesartan Cilexetil and hydrochlorthiazide in bulk and dosage forms |
RP-HPLC |
Hypersil BDS C18 (150mm x 4.6mm, 5µ) |
Phosphate
buffer : acetonitrile (55:45), pH 4.6 by Ortho
phosphoric acid |
244 |
1.0 |
31 |
|
RP-HPLC method
for simultaneous determination of atorvastatin
calcium, OlmesartanMedoxomil, Candesartan,
Hydrochlorthiazide and Chlorthalidone
– application to commercially available drug products |
RP-HPLC |
Cosmosil PAQ (150mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
0.05 M
sodium dihydrogen phosphate : Acetonitrile |
220 |
1.0 |
32 |
|
Development and
validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Candesartan Cilexetil and Levocetrizine hydrochloride |
RP-HPLC |
Phenominex C8 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µ) |
Acetonitrile : buffer (Heptane sulphonic acid) 80:20, pH 4.4 |
230 |
1.0 |
33 |
|
RP-HPLC method
for simultaneous estimation of Candesartan and Amlodipine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form |
RP-HPLC |
C18,
(150mm x 4.6mm , 5µm) |
Phosphate
buffer pH 6.8 adjust by potassium hydroxide : acetonitrile
(35:65 v/v) |
238 |
1.0 |
34 |
|
Determination of
two components in Candesartan Cilexetil
and Amlodipine besylate
combination tablets |
RP-HPLC |
DIONEX acclaim
120 C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) |
Acetonitrile : 0.05 mol/L KH2PO4 (55:45) |
254 |
1.0 |
35 |
Table 9: Summary of other
Chromatographic method for Candesartan with other.
|
Title |
Method |
Stationary phase |
Mobile phase |
Flow-rate (ml/min) |
Ref. |
|
Validated HPTLC
technique for simultaneous estimation of Candesartan
and hydrochlorthiazide in pharmaceutical dosage
form |
HPTLC |
60F254 TLC pre-coated plates |
Toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid(85%)
(6:4:1 v/v) |
- |
36 |
|
Improved simultaneous quantitation
of Candesartan and hydrochlorthiazide
in human plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application in bioequivalence studies |
UPLC-MS/MS |
C18 Phenomenex,
Gemini NX (100 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µm) |
Organic mixture: buffer solution (80:20
v/v) |
0.8 |
37 |
|
Simultaneous determination of pioglitazone and candesartan in
human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study |
LC-MS/MS |
C18 |
Acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid 80:20 v/v |
0.8 |
38 |
The other analytical method like RP-HPLC, HPTLC,
LC/MS/MS, UV, Voltametry, Electrochemical method is
also used for determination of Candesartan Cilexetil in blood, serum, pharmaceutical dosage form,
synthetic mixture and also stability study but most preferably high performance
and other chromatography method is used for identification, separation, assay,
impurity profiling, etc study.
CONCLUSION:
The presented review highlights on various analytical
methods reported on Candesartan Cilexetil
and its combination with other drug. HPLC-HPTLC-UV methods were found to be
most widely used. Various chromatographic conditions are presented in under
Table. The faster time, high sensitivity, specificity and better separation
efficiency enable HPLC to be used frequently for the determination of Candesartan Cilexetil in the
comparison with the other methods. Other methods are also useful. In this way
various analytical methods for the estimation of Candesartan
Cilexetil in bulk or in various matrixes like plasma,
alone or in combination with other drugs is discussed. The presented
information is useful for the researchers especially those involved in the
formulation development and quality control of Candesartan
Cilexetil in combination with other drug.
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Received on 07.01.2016 Accepted on 28.01.2016
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Asian J. Pharm.
Ana. 6(1): January-
March, 2016; Page 53-58
DOI: 10.5958/2231-5675.2016.00009.0